“What is Balinese art?” At first glance, the answer seems obvious. The phrase conjures images of intricate paintings, barong masks, stone temple carvings, or dancers frozen in stylized poses. Yet this apparent clarity is deceptive. The very category of “Balinese art” is not timeless or neutral, but historically shaped, politically constructed, and deeply entangled with the gaze of outsiders. Sida Karya by i Wayan Sudarmayasa Traditionally, creative expression in Bali was inseparable from ritual and community. Art was not an autonomous field but a branch of devotion. Paintings illustrated sacred epics for temple pavilions, masks embodied spirits for performance, and textiles clothed both gods and humans. These objects were rarely signed, often ephemeral, and valued for their spiritual efficacy rather than artistic “innovation.” To call such practices “art” at all is already a translation into Western categories. The notion of “Balinese art” crystallized during the colonial era. In the 1...